Category Archives: IRDP – Innovative Research Developers and Publishers

Causes of Truancy among Learners and its Impact on Education in Sikongo District, Zambia: AI-Driven Attendance Monitoring, Community Engagement and Inclusive School Strategies

Author
Nasilele Lubinda, Dr. J. Arockia Venice
Keywords
Truancy; School Attendance; Sikongo District; Zambia; AI Attendance Monitoring; Community Engagement; Inclusive Schools, Absenteeism.
Abstract
Truancy the persistent, unauthorised absence of learners from school is a pervasive challenge in Zambian primary and secondary schools, with documented consequences for academic performance, educational attainment, social development, and long-term life outcomes. In Sikongo District, Western Province, Zambia, truancy among primary school learners represents a significant barrier to achieving the educational goals of universal primary education and equitable learning outcomes. This article investigates the causes of truancy among learners and its impact on educational quality in two selected schools in Sikongo District, contextualising findings within global scholarship on school attendance, AI-driven attendance monitoring systems, community-school engagement strategies, and inclusive school approaches. Drawing on a mixed-methods survey, findings identify poverty-related economic pressures, family dysfunction, negative school experiences including teacher punishment, geographic distance to school, and peer influence as primary truancy drivers. Academic performance deficits, social exclusion, and elevated school dropout risk are documented as key educational impacts. AI-powered early warning attendance systems, community school engagement platforms, and inclusive school climate interventions are identified as evidence-based responses. Policy recommendations are presented.
References
[1] Akila, V., Prabhu, G., Akila, R., & Swadhi, R. (2025). Performance metrics in blockchain-enabled AIML for cognitive IoT in large-scale networks. In AI for large scale communication networks (pp. 265–288). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[2] Arockia, V. J., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Velmurugan, P. R. R., & Cheelo, C. (2025). Leveraging AI and learning analytics for enhanced distance learning. In AI and learning analytics in distance learning (pp. 179–206). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[3] Ashifa, K. M. (2019). Developmental initiatives for persons with disabilities. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(12), 1257–1261.
[4] Ashifa, K. M. (2020a). Effect of substance abuse on physical health of adolescents. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(2), 3155–3160.
[5] Ashifa, K. M. (2020b). Physical health hazards of schizophrenia patients. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(12), 1848–1850.
[6] Ashifa, K. M. (2021a). Analysis on the determinants of health status among tribal communities. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 12(3), 531–534.
[7] Ashifa, K. M. (2021b). Health status of primitive tribal women in India. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 12(5), 772.
[8] Ashifa, K. M. (2022). A situation analysis of the social well-being of elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(3), 10156–10163.
[9] Ashifa, K. M., & Ramya, P. (2019). Health afflictions and quality of work life among women working in fireworks industry. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(6S3), 1723–1725.
[10] Basha, R., Pathak, P., Sudha, M., Soumya, K. V., & Arockia Venice, J. (2025). Optimization of quantum dilated convolutional neural networks: Image recognition with quantum computing. Internet Technology Letters, 8(3), e70027.
[11] Devi, M., Manokaran, D., Sehgal, R. K., Shariff, S. A., & Vettriselvan, R. (2025). Precision medicine, personalized treatment, and network-driven innovations. In AI for large scale communication networks (pp. 303–322). IGI Global.
[12] Elkin, N., Mohammed, A. K., Kılınçel, Ş., Soydan, A. M., Tanrıver, S. Ç., Çelik, Ş., & Ranganathan, M. (2025). Mental health literacy and happiness among university students. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1541316.
[13] Gayathri, R. K., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Balakrishnan, R., Kumar, R., & Kavitha, J. (2025a). Striking a balance: Mental health challenges and work-life integration among women faculty in Indian B-Schools. Texila International J. of Public Health, 13(2).
[14] Gayathri, R. K., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Balakrishnan, R., Kumar, R., & Kavitha, J. (2025b). Strategic role of human resource management in enhancing occupational health and safety practices. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 13(2).
[15] Jenifer, R. D., Vettriselvan, R., Saxena, D., Velmurugan, P. R., & Balakrishnan, A. (2025). Green marketing in healthcare advertising: A global perspective. In AI impacts on branded entertainment and advertising (pp. 303–326). IGI Global.
[16] A S Aneeshkumar, C Jothi Venkateswaran, Reverse sequential covering algorithm for medical Data mining, Procedia Computer Science, Elsevier, 47, pp.109-117.
[17] Kariveliparambil, A., Rasi, R. A., Ahmad, M. S., Öztaş, N., & Ayan, F. S. (2026a). Evolving social capital in indigenous communities. Journal of Social Service Research, 52(1), 147–166.
[18] Kariveliparambil, A., R A, R., Ahmad, M. S., Ramesh, S., & Kuriakose, A. (2026b). Invisible burdens of platform work. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 21(1).
[19] Kombo, D. K., & Tromp, D. L. A. (2014). Proposal and thesis writing: An introduction. Paulines Publications Africa.
[20] Meena, G., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., & Velmurugan, P. R. (2025). Diversity and inclusion: Harnessing the power of inclusivity for business success. In Security and strategy models for key-solving institutional frameworks (pp. 203–234). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[21] Mohanbabu, S., & Vettriselvan, R. (2025a). Focusing supply chain and container terminal challenges. International Journal of Procurement Management, 24(1), 92–114.
[22] Mohanbabu, S., & Vettriselvan, R. (2025b). Will machine learning resolve the issues in container management. International Journal of Process Management and Benchmarking, 20(4), 559–575.
[23] Orodho, J. A., & Kombo, D. K. (2012). Research methods. Kenyatta University Press.
[24] Rajeswari, M., Rohini, V., Sathya Aarthi, R., Rameshkumaar, V. P., & Arul Krishnan, S. (2026). Blockchain 2.0 for secure, transparent, and autonomous logistics systems. In R. Vettriselvan & N. Suresh (Eds.), Intelligent motion control for human-centered systems (pp. 233–258). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[25] Ranganathan, M., Jacob, A., Ashifa, K. M., Kumar, G. J., Anthony, M., Vijay, M., & Kumari, R. B. (2024). An investigation of the effects of chronic stress on attention in parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Universal Journal of Public Health, 12(1), 37–50.
[26] Rasi, R. A., & Ashifa, K. M. (2019). Role of community-based programmes for active ageing. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(12).
[27] Shanthi, H. J., Gokulakrishnan, A., Sharma, S., Deepika, R., & Swadhi, R. (2025). Leveraging artificial intelligence for enhancing urban health. In Nexus of AI, climatology, and urbanism for smart cities (pp. 275–306). IGI Global.
[28] Swadhi, R., Gayathri, K., Suresh, N. V., Catherine, S., & Velmurugan, P. R. (2025a). Leveraging machine learning for enhanced patient engagement and outcomes. In Impact of digital transformation on business growth and performance (pp. 313–340). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[29] Swadhi, R., Velmurugan, P. R., Gayathri, K., & Catherine, S. (2025b). Evolving critical themes in advanced human resource management. In Critical aspects in advanced human resource management (pp. 75–102). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[30] Vasantha, S., Swadhi, R., Gayathri, K., Selvalakshmi, V., & UmaDevi, A. (2025). Fostering personalized learning and achieving equity in education. In Transforming education with AI-powered personalized learning (pp. 201–236). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[31] Venice, J. A., Arivazhagan, D., Suman, N., Shanthi, H. J., & Swadhi, R. (2025a). Recommendation systems and content personalization. In AI for large scale communication networks (pp. 323–348). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[32] Venice, J. A., Vettriselvan, R., Jain, S., Madusudanan, K., & Aarthy, C. C. J. (2025b). Performance evaluation and metrics in blockchain powered AI/ML. In Transforming education with AI-powered personalized learning (pp. 143–178). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[33] Venice, J. A., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Suresh, N. V., & Abirami, P. (2025c). Enabling personalized learning and adaptive systems through strategic management. In Bridging academia and industry through cloud integration in education (pp. 49–72). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[34] Venice, J. A., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Xavier, P., & Shanthi, H. J. (2025d). Optimizing performance metrics in blockchain-enabled AI/ML data analytics. In Enhancing automated decision-making through AI (pp. 97–122). IGI Global.
[35] Venice, J. A., Sripathi, S. K., & Moonga, B. (2025e). Social deviance and the influence of internet exposure. ASET Journal of Management Science, 4(SI-1).
[36] Venice, J. A. A., Jio, W., Kant, S., Sharda, S., & Mittal, S. (2025f). Ethical leadership effect on the regulation of AI in cyber security. In Ethical challenges of AI and warfare (pp. 133–152). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[37] Venice, J. A. A., Muthuraman, M., Kant, S., & Mittal, S. (2026). Community engagement effect on school leadership through digital volunteerism. In Strengthening community engagement and school leadership through digital volunteerism (pp. 85–114). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[38] Vettriselvan, R. (2025). Harnessing innovation and digital marketing in the era of industry 5.0. In The future of small business in industry 5.0 (pp. 163–186). IGI Global.
[39] Vettriselvan, R., & Anto, M. R. (2018). Pathetic health status and working condition of Zambian women. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 9(9), 259–264.
[40] Vettriselvan, R., & Rajan FSA, A. J. (2019). Occupational health issues faced by women in spinners. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(1).
[41] Vettriselvan, R., Deepan, A., Jaiswani, G., Balakrishnan, A., & Sakthivel, R. (2025a). Health consequences of early marriage. In Social, political, and health implications of early marriage (pp. 189–212). IGI Global.
[42] Vettriselvan, R., Velmurugan, P. R., Varshney, K. R., EP, J., & Deepika, R. (2025b). Health impacts of smartphone and internet addictions across age groups. In Impacts of digital technologies across generations (pp. 187–210). IGI Global.
[43] Vettriselvan, R., Velmurugan, P. R., Suresh, N. V., & Catherine, S. (2025c). Strategies, best practices, and pitfalls in the era of digital transformation. In Impact of digital transformation on business growth and performance (pp. 67–98). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[44] Vettriselvan, R., Selvi, K., Kumar, A. S., Ranjani, R. D., & Varshney, K. R. (2025d). Ranking methodologies: Criteria and controversies in global higher education. In Global university ranking systems (pp. 109–140). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[45] Vettriselvan, R., Gokuldas, P. G., & Sambamoorthy, N. (2025e). Designing language materials to motivate, engage, and empower learners. In Exploring the psychology of language materials development (pp. 279–302). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[46] Vettriselvan, R., Ramya, R., Selvalakshmi, V., Jyothi, P., & Velmurugan, P. R. (2026a). Empowering patients through knowledge: Educational strategies in rehabilitation. In Holistic approaches to health recovery (pp. 263–290). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[47] Vettriselvan, R., Velmurugan, P. R., Savariapitchai, M., & Swadhi, R. (2026b). AI and international volunteering. In Impacts of AI on international volunteering (pp. 1–24). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[48] Vijayalakshmi, M., Subramani, A. K., Vettriselvan, R., Catherin, T. C., & Deepika, R. (2025a). Sustainability and responsibility in the digital era. In Digital citizenship and building a responsible online presence (pp. 285–306). IGI Global.
[49] Vijayalakshmi, M., Subramani, A. K., Vettriselvan, R., Velmurugan, P. R., & Hasine, J. (2025b). Strategic collaborations in medical innovation and AI-driven globalization. In Navigating strategic partnerships for sustainable startup growth (pp. 85–110). IGI Global.
[50] Vinodh, N., Subramani, A. K., & Vettriselvan, R. (2026a). Navigating ethics, society, and governance in the digital age. In Ethics, justice, and governance in the age of AI and digital societies (pp. 1–26). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[51] Vinodh, N., Subramani, A. K., & Vettriselvan, R. (2026b). Transforming the future of management and medical education. In AI education strategies for future-proofing curriculum design (pp. 459–476). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[52] Zahoor, H., Mustafa, N., Ashifa, K. M., Safaei, M., & El Gamil, R. (2025). Unlocking resilience: Emotional intelligence and self-leadership shape stress perception among health students. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 38(4), 395–419.

Received : 19 February 2026
Accepted : 26 April 2026
Published : 30 April 2026
DOI: 10.30726/esij/v13.i2.2026.1320017

Effect of Classroom Size on the Academic Performance of Primary School Pupils in Zambia: Evidence from Western Province and Implications for AI-Assisted Large-Class Pedagogy

Author
Nabyana Nabyana, Dr. Ravibaskar Ramalingam
Keywords
Classroom Size; Academic Performance; Primary Education; Western Province; Zambia; AI Large-Class Pedagogy; Digital Instruction; Class Size Reduction.
Abstract
Classroom size the number of learners assigned to a single teacher in a defined instructional setting is a fundamental structural variable with well-documented effects on the quality of teacher-learner interaction, instructional differentiation, formative assessment, and ultimately learner academic performance. In Zambia, primary school classrooms in rural Western Province frequently exceed 60–80 pupils per teacher conditions far beyond pedagogically optimal ratios that constrain the quality and individualisation of instruction available to each learner. This article examines the effect of classroom size on the academic performance of primary school pupils in Western Province, Zambia, situating local findings within global scholarship on class size and learning, AI-assisted large-class pedagogy, digital differentiated instruction, and educational resource optimisation. Drawing on a descriptive survey comparing performance outcomes in schools with different class size conditions, findings confirm significant negative associations between oversized classrooms and pupil academic performance across literacy, numeracy, and science. The article argues that AI-powered classroom management tools, adaptive learning platforms, and digital formative assessment systems offer promising pathways for mitigating large-class instructional quality deficits while infrastructure expansion proceeds. Policy recommendations are presented.
References
[1] Akila, V., Prabhu, G., Akila, R., & Swadhi, R. (2025). Performance metrics in blockchain-enabled AIML for cognitive IoT in large-scale networks. In AI for large scale communication networks (pp. 265–288). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[2] Arockia, V. J., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Velmurugan, P. R. R., & Cheelo, C. (2025). Leveraging AI and learning analytics for enhanced distance learning. In AI and learning analytics in distance learning (pp. 179–206). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[3] Ashifa, K. M. (2019). Developmental initiatives for persons with disabilities. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(12), 1257–1261.
[4] Ashifa, K. M. (2020a). Effect of substance abuse on physical health of adolescents. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(2), 3155–3160.
[5] Ashifa, K. M. (2020b). Physical health hazards of schizophrenia patients. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(12), 1848–1850.
[6] Ashifa, K. M. (2021a). Analysis on the determinants of health status among tribal communities. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 12(3), 531–534.
[7] Ashifa, K. M. (2021b). Health status of primitive tribal women in India. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 12(5), 772.
[8] Ashifa, K. M. (2022). A situation analysis of the social well-being of elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(3), 10156–10163.
[9] Ashifa, K. M., & Ramya, P. (2019). Health afflictions and quality of work life among women working in fireworks industry. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(6S3), 1723–1725.
[10] Devi, M., Manokaran, D., Sehgal, R. K., Shariff, S. A., & Vettriselvan, R. (2025). Precision medicine, personalized treatment, and network-driven innovations. In AI for large scale communication networks (pp. 303–322). IGI Global.
[11] Elkin, N., Mohammed, A. K., Kılınçel, Ş., Soydan, A. M., Tanrıver, S. Ç., Çelik, Ş., & Ranganathan, M. (2025). Mental health literacy and happiness among university students. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1541316.
[12] Gayathri, R. K., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Balakrishnan, R., Kumar, R., & Kavitha, J. (2025a). Striking a balance: Mental health challenges and work-life integration among women faculty in Indian B-Schools. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 13(2).
[13] Gayathri, R. K., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Balakrishnan, R., Kumar, R., & Kavitha, J. (2025b). Strategic role of human resource management in enhancing occupational health and safety practices. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 13(2).
[14] Jenifer, R. D., Vettriselvan, R., Saxena, D., Velmurugan, P. R., & Balakrishnan, A. (2025). Green marketing in healthcare advertising: A global perspective. In AI impacts on branded entertainment and advertising (pp. 303–326). IGI Global.
[15] Kariveliparambil, A., Rasi, R. A., Ahmad, M. S., Öztaş, N., & Ayan, F. S. (2026a). Evolving social capital in indigenous communities. Journal of Social Service Research, 52(1), 147–166.
[16] Kariveliparambil, A., R A, R., Ahmad, M. S., Ramesh, S., & Kuriakose, A. (2026b). Invisible burdens of platform work. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 21(1).
[17] Kombo, D. K., & Tromp, D. L. A. (2014). Proposal and thesis writing: An introduction. Paulines Publications Africa.
[18] Meena, G., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., & Velmurugan, P. R. (2025). Diversity and inclusion: Harnessing the power of inclusivity for business success. In Security and strategy models for key-solving institutional frameworks (pp. 203–234). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[19] Mohanbabu, S., & Vettriselvan, R. (2025a). Focusing supply chain and container terminal challenges. International Journal of Procurement Management, 24(1), 92–114.
[20] Mohanbabu, S., & Vettriselvan, R. (2025b). Will machine learning resolve the issues in container management. International Journal of Process Management and Benchmarking, 20(4), 559–575.
[21] Orodho, J. A., & Kombo, D. K. (2012). Research methods. Kenyatta University Press.
[22] Rajeswari, M., Rohini, V., Sathya Aarthi, R., Rameshkumaar, V. P., & Arul Krishnan, S. (2026). Blockchain 2.0 for secure, transparent, and autonomous logistics systems. In R. Vettriselvan & N. Suresh (Eds.), Intelligent motion control for human-centered systems (pp. 233–258). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[23] Ranganathan, M., Jacob, A., Ashifa, K. M., Kumar, G. J., Anthony, M., Vijay, M., & Kumari, R. B. (2024). An investigation of the effects of chronic stress on attention in parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Universal Journal of Public Health, 12(1), 37–50.
[24] Rasi, R. A., & Ashifa, K. M. (2019). Role of community-based programmes for active ageing. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(12).
[25] Shanthi, H. J., Gokulakrishnan, A., Sharma, S., Deepika, R., & Swadhi, R. (2025). Leveraging artificial intelligence for enhancing urban health. In Nexus of AI, climatology, and urbanism for smart cities (pp. 275–306). IGI Global.
[26] Swadhi, R., Gayathri, K., Suresh, N. V., Catherine, S., & Velmurugan, P. R. (2025a). Leveraging machine learning for enhanced patient engagement and outcomes. In Impact of digital transformation on business growth and performance (pp. 313–340). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[27] Swadhi, R., Velmurugan, P. R., Gayathri, K., & Catherine, S. (2025b). Evolving critical themes in advanced human resource management. In Critical aspects in advanced human resource management (pp. 75–102). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[28] Vasantha, S., Swadhi, R., Gayathri, K., Selvalakshmi, V., & UmaDevi, A. (2025). Fostering personalized learning and achieving equity in education. In Transforming education with AI-powered personalized learning (pp. 201–236). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[29] Venice, J. A., Arivazhagan, D., Suman, N., Shanthi, H. J., & Swadhi, R. (2025a). Recommendation systems and content personalization. In AI for large scale communication networks (pp. 323–348). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[30] Venice, J. A., Vettriselvan, R., Jain, S., Madusudanan, K., & Aarthy, C. C. J. (2025b). Performance evaluation and metrics in blockchain powered AI/ML. In Transforming education with AI-powered personalized learning (pp. 143–178). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[31] Venice, J. A., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Suresh, N. V., & Abirami, P. (2025c). Enabling personalized learning and adaptive systems through strategic management. In Bridging academia and industry through cloud integration in education (pp. 49–72). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[32] Venice, J. A., Vettriselvan, R., Rajesh, D., Xavier, P., & Shanthi, H. J. (2025d). Optimizing performance metrics in blockchain-enabled AI/ML data analytics. In Enhancing automated decision-making through AI (pp. 97–122). IGI Global.
[33] Venice, J. A., Sripathi, S. K., & Moonga, B. (2025e). Social deviance and the influence of internet exposure. ASET Journal of Management Science, 4(SI-1).
[34] Venice, J. A. A., Jio, W., Kant, S., Sharda, S., & Mittal, S. (2025f). Ethical leadership effect on the regulation of AI in cyber security. In Ethical challenges of AI and warfare (pp. 133–152). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[35] Venice, J. A. A., Muthuraman, M., Kant, S., & Mittal, S. (2026). Community engagement effect on school leadership through digital volunteerism. In Strengthening community engagement and school leadership through digital volunteerism (pp. 85–114). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[36] Vettriselvan, R. (2025). Harnessing innovation and digital marketing in the era of industry 5.0. In The future of small business in industry 5.0 (pp. 163–186). IGI Global.
[37] Vettriselvan, R., & Anto, M. R. (2018). Pathetic health status and working condition of Zambian women. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 9(9), 259–264.
[38] Vettriselvan, R., & Rajan FSA, A. J. (2019). Occupational health issues faced by women in spinners. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(1).
[39] Vettriselvan, R., Deepan, A., Jaiswani, G., Balakrishnan, A., & Sakthivel, R. (2025a). Health consequences of early marriage. In Social, political, and health implications of early marriage (pp. 189–212). IGI Global.
[40] Vettriselvan, R., Velmurugan, P. R., Varshney, K. R., EP, J., & Deepika, R. (2025b). Health impacts of smartphone and internet addictions across age groups. In Impacts of digital technologies across generations (pp. 187–210). IGI Global.
[41] Vettriselvan, R., Velmurugan, P. R., Suresh, N. V., & Catherine, S. (2025c). Strategies, best practices, and pitfalls in the era of digital transformation. In Impact of digital transformation on business growth and performance (pp. 67–98). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[42] Vettriselvan, R., Selvi, K., Kumar, A. S., Ranjani, R. D., & Varshney, K. R. (2025d). Ranking methodologies: Criteria and controversies in global higher education. In Global university ranking systems (pp. 109–140). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[43] Vettriselvan, R., Gokuldas, P. G., & Sambamoorthy, N. (2025e). Designing language materials to motivate, engage, and empower learners. In Exploring the psychology of language materials development (pp. 279–302). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[44] Vettriselvan, R., Ramya, R., Selvalakshmi, V., Jyothi, P., & Velmurugan, P. R. (2026a). Empowering patients through knowledge: Educational strategies in rehabilitation. In Holistic approaches to health recovery (pp. 263–290). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[45] Vettriselvan, R., Velmurugan, P. R., Savariapitchai, M., & Swadhi, R. (2026b). AI and international volunteering. In Impacts of AI on international volunteering (pp. 1–24). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[46] Vijayalakshmi, M., Subramani, A. K., Vettriselvan, R., Catherin, T. C., & Deepika, R. (2025a). Sustainability and responsibility in the digital era. In Digital citizenship and building a responsible online presence (pp. 285–306). IGI Global.
[47] Vijayalakshmi, M., Subramani, A. K., Vettriselvan, R., Velmurugan, P. R., & Hasine, J. (2025b). Strategic collaborations in medical innovation and AI-driven globalization. In Navigating strategic partnerships for sustainable startup growth (pp. 85–110). IGI Global.
[48] Vinodh, N., Subramani, A. K., & Vettriselvan, R. (2026a). Navigating ethics, society, and governance in the digital age. In Ethics, justice, and governance in the age of AI and digital societies (pp. 1–26). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[49] Vinodh, N., Subramani, A. K., & Vettriselvan, R. (2026b). Transforming the future of management and medical education. In AI education strategies for future-proofing curriculum design (pp. 459–476). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
[50] Zahoor, H., Mustafa, N., Ashifa, K. M., Safaei, M., & El Gamil, R. (2025). Unlocking resilience: Emotional intelligence and self-leadership shape stress perception among health students. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 38(4), 395–419.

Received : 19 February 2026
Accepted : 25 April 2026
Published : 30 April 2026
DOI: 10.30726/esij/v13.i2.2026.1320016

FTIR, SEM, EDAX Study of Manganese Tartrate Crystals

Author
P. A. Savale
Keywords
Gel Technique; Manganese Tartrate; FTIR; SEM; EDAX.
Abstract
In the present investigation, single crystals of manganese tartrate crystals were grown by using silica gel as a growth medium. These single crystals were grown by simple gel technique using diffusion method. The optimum growth conditions were optimized by varying various parameters viz., pH of the gel solution, gel concentration, gel setting time, concentration of the reactance, growth period and temperature for these crystals. The shiny white brownish coloured and spherulitic morphology crystals grown within silica gel column were obtained. Crystals having different morphologies were obtained with a maximum size of 5.5mm × 5.2mm × 3.5mm. The grown crystals are characterized by FTIR, SEM and EDAX. The functional groups present in the crystals were identified by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis which shows that the presence of O=H, C=O, C-O, C-H and metal-oxygen bonds. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) study reveals that the morphology of the crystal having orthorhombic structures. The analysis of EDAX has shown the presence of manganese and oxygen.
References
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[2] S. P. Gvozdov, and A. A. Razumova., ‘Kupfer (I)-quecksilber (II)-jodide. Polymorphie.’ Izvestija vysčlih učebnyh Zavedenij Himija i himičeskaja technologija, Vol.5, 1958, pp. 154-159.
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Received : 21 May 2023
Accepted : 15 August 2023
Published : 24 August 2023
DOI: 10.30726/esij/v10.i3.2023.103001

Assessment of Viral Suppression among HIV Seropositive Adults on Dolutegravir-Based Regimen in Federal Medical Centre Owerri, Nigeria

Author
S. Ogbaji, C.I.C Ebirim, U.W Dozie and A.D. Oguizu
Keywords
HIV/AIDS; Viral Load Suppression; Dolutegravir-based Regimen; Federal Medical Centre Owerri; Nigeria.
Abstract
Introduction: In Nigeria, the majority of patients on antiretroviral therapy are on dolutegravir-based regimens which are the result of the massive transition of patients from non-dolutegravir-based regimens to dolutegravir-based regimens. This study assessed the effectiveness of dolutegravir-based regimens in suppressing viral load in HIV seropositive adults in comparison to non-dolutegravir-based regimens.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was used to assess the viral loads of 385 patients accessing HIV care and treatment at Federal Medical Centre Owerri. Subjects were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data was analysed using IBM-SPSS statistics version 25, statistical charts were drawn on Microsoft Excel 16. Descriptive statistician technique (Frequency distribution) was also used. T distribution test technique for paired samples and descriptive technique were used accordingly.
Results: The result of the study shows that 96.4% of patients on dolutegravir-based regimens have a viral load of less than1000 copies/ml as against 70.4% when these patients were on dolutegravir-based regimens. Participants with poor adherence, which is less than 95%, recorded a lower suppression rate (83.6%) than those with good adherence, which recorded 99.1% suppression. Similarly, the viral load suppression rate was higher among the patients without disease co-morbidity (98.9%) compared to the co-morbidity group (89.2%).
Conclusion: The study shows that 96.4% of adults accessing HIV treatment at FMC Owerri and on first-line regimens are virally suppressed.
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Received :26February2023
Accepted :18June2023
Published :27June2023
DOI: 10.30726/esij/v10.i2.2023.102001

Innovation Inclusion in Distance Learning: Exploratory Study of Teacher Innovation for Student with Disabilities

Author
Miftakhur Rohmah, Sri Susanti Tjahja Dini,A Jauhar Fuad
Keywords
Teacher Innovation; Distance Learning; Student with disabilities.
Abstract
Distance learning has become increasingly popular in recent years, with the COVID-19 pandemic forcing many educational institutions to shift to online learning. However, students with disabilities may face unique challenges when learning remotely. In this exploratory study, we explore the role of teacher innovation in promoting inclusion for students with disabilities in distance learning. Using a qualitative approach, we conducted interviews with teachers who had experience teaching students with disabilities in a distance learning environment. Our findings suggest that teacher innovation plays a critical role in promoting inclusion for these students. Teachers who were innovative in their approaches to teaching were better able to engage students with disabilities and create a more inclusive learning environment. We also identified several key factors that contribute to teacher innovation in distance learning. These factors include the use of technology, collaboration with other teachers and professionals, and a willingness to try new approaches to teaching. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of innovation inclusion in distance learning for students with disabilities. By being innovative in their approaches to teaching, teachers can help to ensure that students with disabilities are able to learn effectively and achieve their academic goals. This has important implications for the future of distance learning and the inclusion of students with disabilities in online education.
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Received : 17February2023
Accepted : 09June2023
Published :13June 2023
DOI: 10.30726/ijmrss/v10.i2.2023.10201

The Effect of Risk Management on Good Governance and Fraud Prevention at Cash Waqf Manager

Author
Ismi Fitri Aulia, Mohammad Nizarul Alim, Nur Hayati
Keywords
Risk Management; Cash Waqf; Good Governance; Fraud Prevention.
Abstract
Waqf is one of the Islamic social instruments. There are two types of productive waqf instruments, namely assets waqf and cash waqf. Cash waqf poses new challenges to the concept of waqf, perhaps the most obvious is how to ensure that waqf assets continue to exist, for example reduced in value due to the time value of money, operational risks such as poor administrative management, waqf assets that do not develop due to idle funds and loss of waqf assets due to mismanagement. This research aims to explain the role of risk management at waqf manager of cash waqf. This type of research is quantitative research. The results show that risk management is necessary in preventing fraud and enhancing good governance. In case of waqf manager of cash waqf, good governance is not as mediating variable between risk management and fraud prevention.
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Received : 12 November 2022
Accepted : 08 March 2023
Published : 15 March 2023
DOI: 10.30726/ijmrss/v10.i1.2023.10102

வள்ளலார் நிறுவிய நிறுவனங்களும் சமூக சீர்திருத்தங்களும்

Author
முனைவர் ஜோ.சம்பத்குமார்
Keywords
நிறுவனங்கள்; வள்ளலார்; சங்கம்; தருமசாலை
Abstract
அருட்பிரகாச வள்ளலார் என்று போற்றப்படும் வடலூர் இராமலிங்க அடிகள் சிதம்பரத்தை அடுத்துள்ள மருதூரில் 1823 ஆம் ஆண்டு பிறந்தார். இவர் குழந்தையாக இருக்கும்போதே தந்தை இறந்தார், இதனால், சென்னையில் குடியேறுவதற்கான நிலை ஏற்பட்டது. அப்பொழுதுதான் கல்வி கற்கத் தொடங்கினார். ஆனால் கல்வியில் நாட்டமில்லை. முருகக் கடவுளை வணங்கு வதிலேயே காலத்தைக் கழித்தார். சிறு வயதிலிருந்தே ஆன்மீகத்தில் ஈடுபாடு கொண்டு பல பாடல்களைப் பாடிய தொகுப்பு தான் திருவருட்பா என்று போற்றப்படுகின்றன. இவரோ இல்லற வாழ்க்கையில் ஈடுபட மறுத்து துறவு வாழ்க்கையை மேற்கொண்டார். அப்பொழுது பல்வேறு நிறுவனங்களை நிறுவி சமூக சீர்திருத்தங்களை மேற்கண்ட நிலைகளைப் பற்றி இக்கட்டுரையில் ஆராய்ந்துள்ளன.
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Received : 28 October 2022
Accepted : 23 December 2022
Published : 31 December 2022
DOI: 10.30726/ijlca/v9.i4.2022.94004

A Spatio – Temporal Analysis on Human Resource Management in Fishing

Author
Human Resource Management; Agriculture; Sustainability; Economic Variables.
Keywords
Agriculture human resource management is a very complicated issue that is more impacted by social than by economic variables. One of the most significant areas of research in the social sciences is the examination of how fishermen and their relationships in India are affected by the changing ocean structure. Over the past three decades, a number of studies have been conducted on this topic. A quick overview of the research studies conducted on some of the components of human resource management in fishing is felt acceptable to give. In the framework of a fishing economy like ours, this research analyses human resource management’s role in boosting fishing production widely.
Abstract
Agriculture human resource management is a very complicated issue that is more impacted by social than by economic variables. One of the most significant areas of research in the social sciences is the examination of how fishermen and their relationships in India are affected by the changing ocean structure. Over the past three decades, a number of studies have been conducted on this topic. A quick overview of the research studies conducted on some of the components of human resource management in fishing is felt acceptable to give. In the framework of a fishing economy like ours, this research analyses human resource management’s role in boosting fishing production widely.
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Received : 18March2022
Accepted : 15 December 2022
Published :30 December 2022
DOI: 10.30726/ijmrss/v9.i4.2022.94003

Social Science with Gender Issues, Equality and Empowerment of Women and Girl Child

Author
Dr. S. Kalaichelvi
Keywords
Infanticide; Sexual Harassment; Acid Flash; Dowry Demands and Murders; Cybersex Crime and Female Genital Mutilation..
Abstract
Any scientific investigation into human behaviour and interaction that focuses on aspects of cognition and behaviour that are in some way social is referred to as social science research. This essay discusses issues affecting women and girls, including female infanticide, education for women, sexual harassment, acid flash, dowry murders, and abuse in public transportation, cybersex crime, gender equality, domestic abuse, female genital mutilation, and empowerment.
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Received :18May2022
Accepted :13 December 2022
Published :29 December 2022
DOI: 10.30726/ijmrss/v9.i4.2022.94002

Determinants of Employee Job Satisfaction: An Analysis of Structural Equation Model

Author
Muhammad Alkirom Wildan
Keywords
Charismatic Leadership; Work-Life Balance; Job Satisfaction; Organizational Commitment; Industry.
Abstract
Imbalances in an employee’s working life have become a major problem due to the many issues related to employee well-being, productivity levels and boredom at work. Work-Life balance has now become a vulnerable topic because it offers real benefits to the organization and its success, so the goal to be achieved in this study is to provide an explanation of the influence of charismatic leadership and Work-Life balance against organizational commitment through employee job satisfaction in the broadcasting industry. The study was conducted using a questionnaire distributed in November-December 2019 where respondents used as many as 190 employees in the broadcasting industry in Jawa Timur. The data was analyzed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results of this study show that a good charismatic leadership will increase employee job satisfaction, a good Work-Life balance will increase employee job satisfaction, and good job satisfaction will increase commitment. Organizational employees, good charismatic leadership will increase employee organizational commitment and good Work-Life balance does not increase employee organizational commitment directly.
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Received : 07 April 2022
Accepted : 17 June 2022
Published : 22 June 2022
DOI: 10.30726/ijmrss/v9.i2.2022.92003