Dr. Piyush Ukani and Dr. Jaydeep Talaviya

Salt Stress; Pearl Millet; Α-Amylase; Peroxidase; Protease

The seeds of thirteen varieties of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.)) were evaluated for enzyme activity in response to sulphate base salinity. Sterilized seeds were safely maintain in filter paper lined Petri dishes and irrigated with water or salt solution (00, 40, 80, 120 m.eq/L). Practice was maintained for the filter paper kept moist by periodic additions of salt solution or water for the required treatments. The research carried out on sulphate dominant salinity. Enzymatic study protease and peroxidase activity increased with increase in salinity, while in case alfa amylase activity, it decreased with increasing salinity level. There was significant interacting effect between salinity treatments and varieties of pearl millet with respect to enzyme activities.

[1] Budak, H.; Pedraza, F.; Cregan, P. B.; Beaenziger, P. S. and Dweikat, I. 2003. Development and utilization of SSR to estimate the degree of genetic relationships in a collection of pearl millet germplasm. Crop sciences, 43: 2284-2290. [2] Anonymous 2004. Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi. [3] Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. 1992. Biochemical methods. New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers. [4] Nayak, B. R.; Rao, N. M. and Pattabhiram, J. N. 1979. Journal of Biosciences, 1:393-405. [5] Thimmaiah, S. K., 1999. Standard method of Biochemical analysis. Kalyani publishers. [6] Sharma, S. and Gupta, I. 1986. Saline Environment and Plant Growth. Agro Botanical Publishers (India). pp.78-104. [7] Datta, J. K.; Nag S.; Banerjee, A. and Mondal, N. K. 2009. Impact of salt stress on five varieties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under laboratory condition. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Managemant, 13(3): 93-97. [8] Shigong, Z.; JiYin, G. and Jing Zhi, S. 1999. Effects of salicylic acid and aspirin on wheat seed germination under salt stress. Plant Physiology Communications., 35(1): 29-32. [9] Gautam, S. and Singh, P. K. 2011. Effects of salicylate on growth and biochemical changes in maize seedlings under salt stress. Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology Journal, 2(8): 16-20. [10] Sreenivasulu, N.; Ramanjulu, S.; Ramachandra K.; Prakash, H. S.; Shekar, H.; Savithri, H. S. and Sudhakar, C. 1999. Total peroxidase activity and peroxidase isoforms as modified by salt stress in two cultivars of fox-tail millet with differential salt tolerance. Plant Science, Limerick., 141(1): 1-9. [11] Mahatma, M. K.; Bhatnagar, R.; Solanki, R. K. and Mittal, G. K. 2009. Effect of seed soaking treatments on salinity induced antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation and free amino acid content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Leaves. Indian Journal Agriculture Biochemistry, 22(2):108-112.

Abhinav V. Deshpande

Power Factor Penalty; Time of Day Tariff; Demand and Energy Charges

India is on the threshold of a growth trajectory. However, it is also facing a shortage of the supply, which is increasing day by day. At the present rate of growth, the energy demand is set to increase by nearly two folds by 2020. Out of many available methods, the simplest and the most effective method of minimizing this gap would be promoting the energy conservation. The utilities are trying their best on both the supply side management (SSM) and the demand side management (DSM) by introducing the different types of tariffs. In this research paper, a comparative study of the High Tension (HT), Tariff structure of five Indian states is carried out. The components of the tariff structure that are compared are Billing Demand, Energy Charges, Time of Day (TOD) tariff, Power Factor Incentive/Penalty, Load Factor Incentive, Penalty for exceeding the Contract Demand (CD) and Harmonic Penalty.

[1] Government of India, “Load Generation Balance Report 2011-12”, A Report by Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Ministry of Power, available at http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdf
[2] Verma V. S., “Energy Efficient Technologies Use in India-An Overview 2004”, Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), 20 August 2004.
[3] Sayeed P. M., “Energy Conservation in India, on 14th December 2005”, Ministry of Power, Government of India, available at http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/pdf/ Ministers_artificial.pdf
[4] Energy Value-Efficiency Improvement Initiatives by HT Consumers”, Power Line, Volume 16, No. 7, March 2012, pp. 51.
[5] Kalyanaraman M., “Target High Tension Users for More Energy Efficiency”, the Times of India, 25 April 2011.
[6] Ravi Babu P., “Water Demand Side Management through Fuzzy Logic”, CISCON National Conference, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, 02-03 October 2006.
[7] Arno Middleberg, Jiangfeng Zhang and Xiaohua Xia, “An Optimal Control Model for Load Shifting-With Application in the Energy Management of a Colliery”, Applied Energy, 86 (07-08), pp. 1266-1273, July 2009.
[8] Yik F. W. H. and Lee W. L., “Rebate as an Economic Instrument for Promoting Building Energy Efficiency I Hong Kong”, Building and Environment, Volume 40, Issue 9, September 2005, pp. 1207-1216.
[9] ABPS Infrastructure Advisory Private Limited, “Approach Paper for MERC MYT Regulations-FY 2010-11 to 2014-15”, pp. 275-277.
[10] Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited, HT Tariff Booklet, available at http://www.mahadiscom.in/tariff/Tariff-Booklet-high-may07.pdf
[11] Madhya Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission, Tariff Order, available at http://www.mperc.nic.in/310312-Final-Tariff-Order-FT-12-13-LV-HV-SCH.pdf, pp. 195-219
[12] Andhra Pradesh Central Power Distribution Company Limited, Retail Supply Tariff Schedule for FY 2011-12, available at http://www.apcentralpower.com/tariffs/tariffs.jsp, pp. 01-07.
[13] Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission, “Determination of Tariff for Generation and Distribution”, Order No. 1 of 2012-dated 30-03-2012, available at http://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/T. O No. 1.pdf, pp. 319-324.
[14] Gujrat Electricity Regulatory Commission, Part II, Tariff for Supply of Electricity at HT and EHT, available at http://www.gercin.org/tarifforderpdf/en_1304750473.pdf, pp. 180-192.

Abhinav V. Deshpande

MATLAB; Simulink; Direct Current Motor; Speed Control; Armature

The main aim of this research paper is to introduce the modeling of power components and to facilitate computer simulation as an application tool for conducting transient and control studies. The simulation can be very helpful in gaining insights to the dynamic behaviour and interactions that are often not readily apparent from reading theory. Next to having an actual system is to experiment on. In this research paper, the block diagram of a Direct Current (DC) motor was developed and by using Simulink, a toolbox extension of the MATLAB program, the block diagram was simulated with the expected waveforms output. Moreover, by varying certain constraints of the DC motor block diagram, the resultant waveform of the simulation will change accordingly. These constraints include the field current, armature circuit resistance and the armature voltage. The simulation and modeling of the DC motor also gave a deep look into the expected output when testing the actual DC motor. The results from the simulation were never likely to occur in the real-life condition due to the response times and the condition of the actual motor. The MATLAB and the SIMULINK is used because of the short learning curve, its wide distribution and its general-purpose nature. This will demonstrate the advantages of using MATLAB for analyzing the power system steady state behaviour and its capabilities for simulating the transients in the power systems and power electronics, including the control system dynamic behaviour.

[1] MathWorks. (2001). Introduction to MATLAB. The MathWorks, Inc. Available: http://www.mathworks.com/ helpdesk/help/techdoc /learn_MATLAB/ch1intro.shtml#22671. [2] MathWorks. (2001). SIMULINK. The MathWorks, Inc. Available: http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/SIMULINK. [3] MathWorks (2001). What is SIMULINK. The MathWorks, Inc. Available: http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/ toolbox/SIMULINK/ug/ug.s html [4] MathWorks (2000). Using MATLAB Version 6. The MathWorks, Inc. Available: http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help /pdf_doc/MATLAB/using_ml.pdf [5] The MathWorks. MATLAB Student Version Learning MATLAB 6 (Release 12), 2nd Printing, January 2001. [6] P. C. Sen, “Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics (2nd Edition), John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1989 49. [7] G. R. Slemon and A. Straughen, “Electric Machines”, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1982. [8] D. M. Etter, “Engineering Problem Solving with MATLAB”, Prentice Hall, 1993. [9] Chee-Mun Ong, “Dynamic Simulation of Electric Machinery”, Prentice Hall PTR, 1998. [10] Peter F. Ryff, David Platnick and Jose A. Karnas, “Electrical Machines and Transformers, Principles and Applications”, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1987.