Author
Terlumun Adagba, Aliyu Ibrahim Kankara, Musa Idris Ado
Keywords
Water Quality Index; Groundwater; Unit Weight; Physio-Chemical Parameters; Drinking Water.
Abstract
This study presents the findings of an assessment of the ground water quality for drinking purposes using Water Quality Index (WQI). To ascertain the water quality, detailed physical and chemical analysis of water samples was carried out on samples. Samples from twelve (12) sampling points were taken and analysis was carried out on several parameters such as pH, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Fluoride, Chloride, Bicarbonates, Nitrate, Sulphate, Magnesium, Iron. Analysed parameters were compared with the World Health Organisation (WHO). It was observed that most of the water sample parameters conformed to the standards for Drinking water. The Water Quality Index values obtained ranged from 36.32 to 113.11, signifying a water quality class ranging from excellent to poor water quality. From the classification of the samples, five (5) samples indicating about 41.67% of the total water sample was classed as having “excellent” water quality (WQI < 50), Six (6) samples representing about 50.00% of the total water sample showed “good” water quality (WQI 50-100) and one (1) which is 8.33% as having “poor” water quality (WQI>100). The low values of WQI in the water samples indicate that water obtained from this area is suitable for drinking with little or no treatment.
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[2] Adamu, S., Sadiq, H. M., Kodomi, M. G., & Wulo, I. B. (2020). Groundwater Depletion in the Upper Aquifer of the Chad Formation, Chad Basin, North-Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH). , 39(2), 621-631. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i2.34
[3] Adimalla, N., & Taloor, A. K. (2020). Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Groundwater Quality in the Hard rock Terrain of South India using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) Techniques. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10:100288 https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.gsd.2019.100288
[4] Agrama., A. (2019). Spatial Distribution Mapping for Groundwater Quality Index, East and West Delta, Egypt. AIP Conference Proceedings 2123, 030017. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5117048. [5] Akinbile, C. O., & Omoniyi, O. (2018). Quality Assessment and Classification of Ogbese River using Water Quality Index (WQI) Tool. . Sustainable Water Resources Management. https://doi.org /10.1007/s40899-018-0226-8
[6] Akter, T., Jhohura, F. T., Akter, F., Chowdhury, T. R., Mistry, S. K., Dey, D., & Rahman, M. (2016). Water Quality Index for measuring Drinking Water Quality in Rural Bangladesh: A Cross Sectional Study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition., 35(1), 4.
[7] Alobaidy, A. H. M. J., Abid, H. S., & Mauloud, B. K. (2010). Application of water quality index for assessment of Dokan Lake ecosystem, Kurdistan region, Iraq. . Water resources and Protection, 2, 792-798.
[8] Aly, A. A., Al-Omran, A. M., & Alharby, M. M. (2014). The Water Quality Index and Hydrochemical Characterisation of Groundwater Resources in Hafar Albatin, Saudi Arabia. Arab J. Geosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1463-2
[9] Ameur, M., Hamzaoui-Azaza, F., & Gueddari., M. (2019). Water quality assessment of the Triassic aquifer, SE Tunisia, for drinking water supply. E3S Web of Conferences 98, 09002,
[10] Andrade, E., Palacio, H. A. Q., Souza, I. H., Leao, R. A., & Guerreio, M. J. (2008). Land Use Effects in Groundwater Composition of an Alluvial Aquifer by Multivariate Techniques. Environmental Research, 106, 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2007.10.008
[11] Batabyal, A. K., & Chakraborty, S. (2015). Hydrogeochemistry and water quality index in the Assessment of Groundwater quality for drinking uses. Water Environ. Res., 87, 607.
[12] Chaudhry, A. K., & Sachdeva, P. (2020). Groundwater quality and Non-Carcinogenic health risk assessment of Nitrate in the semi-arid region of Punjab, India. Journal of Water and Health, 18(6), 1073-1083. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.121
[13] Fathi, P., Ebrahimi, E., Mirghafarry, M., & Ofogh., A. E. (2015). Water quality assessment in Choghakhor wetland using water quality index (WQI). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. , 15(1), 508-523.
[14] Gebrehiwot, A. B., Tadessse, N., & Jigar., E. (2011). Application of water quality index to assess suitablity of groundwater quality for drinking purposes in Hantebet watershed, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. ISABB Journal of Food and Agriculture Science 1(1), 22-30.
[15] Gorai, A. K., Hasni, S. A., & Iqtal, J. (2016). Prediction of Ground water quality index to assess suitability of Drinking Purposes using Fuzzy rule-based approach. Applied Water Science, 6(4), 393-405.
[16] Gupta, N., Pandey, P., & Hussain., J. (2017). Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the quality of river water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India. Water Sci.,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2017.03.002
[17] Hamaidi-Chergui, F., Benouaklil, M. B. E. F., & Hamaidi., M. S. (2013). Preliminary Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Phytoplankton of Chiffa River (Blida, Algeria). Journal of Ecosystems, 9 pages, Article Article ID148793. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/148793
[18] Hirsch, R. M. (2011). A Perspective in non-stationary and water management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 47(3), 436-446.
[19] Hosseini-Moghari, S. M., Ebraimi, K., & Azarnivand, A. (2015). Groundwater Quality Assessment with respect to Fuzzy Water Quality Index (FWQI): An Application of expert systems in Environmental Monitoring. Earth Sciences. , 74(10), 7229-7238.
[20] Iwar, R. T., Utsev, J. T., & Hassan, M. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal and physico‑chemical pollution loadings of River Benue water at Makurdi using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Multivariate Statistics. Applied Water Science 11, 124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01456-8
[21] Jha, M. K., Shektar, A., & Jenifer, M. A. (2020). Assessing Groundwater Quality for Drinking water supply using fuzzy-GIS based water quality Index. . Water Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115867
[22] Kankara, I. A., & Idris, M. A. (2020). Mapping Geology and Structural Features of Kazaure SE, NW Nigeria: Justifying Groundwater Potential Model. Researchers Review DGTH, 49(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.5937/ZbDght2001001K
[23] Kankara, I. A., Idris, M. A., & Adagba., T. (2021). Studies in Multiple Aquifer Systems and their Comparism in the Geological Character of Kazaure Crystalline Rocks, Northwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM), 3(7), 722-734. https://doi.org/10.35629/5252-0307722734.
[24] Kankara, I. A., & Muktar, K. (2018). Hydrogeological Analysis of Lithographic Units of Northern Katsina State, Nigeria. . FUDMA Journal of Sciences. , 2(4), 231-236.
[25] Kawo, N. S., &Karuppannan, S. (2018). Groundwater Quality Assessment using Water Quality Index and GIS technique in Modjo River Basin, Central Ethiopia. Journal of African Earth Sciences. , 147, 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.06.034
[26] Khan, A., Khan, A., Naz, B., & Rukhsar. (2020). Comparative Study of Conventional groundwater quality results with WQI Technique: A case study of Surjani Town, Karachi, Pakistan. [Research]. Sustainable Development Research, 2(2), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v2n2p10
[27] Kumar, P. J. S., & James., E. J. (2012). Development of Water Quality Index (WQI) model for the groundwater in Tirupur District, South India. . Chin. J. Geochem. , 32, 261-268
[28] Musa, A., Adeyeye, O., Xiao, C., & Liang, X. (2019). Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater from Kazaure area, NW Nigeria using Multivariate Statistics. E3S Web of Conferences 98, 07001.WRI-16., https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199807001
[29] Ogunjobi, M. B. (1983). The geochemistry of groundwater in part of River Galma Basin. National water resources institute Bulleting, 3, 11-20.
[30] Olusola., F. O. (2020). Groundwater Quality Evaluation for Drinking, Domestic and Irrigation Uses in Parts of Ode Irele Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Water Conservation and Management, 4(1), 32-41.
[31] Ramakrishnaiah, C. R., Sadashivaiah, C., & Ranganna, G. (2009). Assessment of water quality index for the Ground water in Tumkur, Taluk. E-Journal of Chemistry., 6(2), 523-530.
[32] Rokbani, M. K., Guoddari, M., & Bouhlila, R. (2011). Use of Geographical Information System and Water Quality in El Khairat Deep Aquifer (Enfidha, Tunisia Sahel). Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment 2(2), 133-144.
[33] Saeedi, M., Abessi, O., Sharifi, F., & Meraji, H. (2010). Development of groundwater quality index. . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 163, 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0837-5
[34] Selvakumar, S., Ramkumar, K., Chandrasekar, N., Magesh, N. S., & Kaliraj, S. (2014). Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for Drinking and Irrigational Use in the Southern Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India. Applied Water Science, 1-10.
[35] Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., &Dobhal, R. (2013). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. . Am. J. Water Resources. , 1(3), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3
[36] Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. World Health Organisation (WHO). WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland. 4th edition, (2011).
[37] A Global Overview of National Regulations and Standards for Drinking Water Quality. World Health Organisation (WHO). Geneva: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. ISBN 978-92-4-151376-0, (2018).
Received :03 September 2021
Accepted :18 December 2021
Published :23December 2021
DOI: 10.30726/esij/v8.i4.2021.84023